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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


111.25 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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^^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


O^ 


WWJ 


Technictil  and  Bibliographic  Nofis/Notos  techniques  ut  bibliographiquot 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


ed  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


rrf  Colour 
1/^    Couvei 

n 


Covers  damaged/ 

uverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/du  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


L'Institut  a  microfilm6  le  moillour  exemplairo 
qii'ii  lui  a  6{6  possiblo  do  so  procurer.  Los  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-ei:re  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bihiiographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquSs  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


fr~71    Pages  damaged/ 

vK  I    Pages  endommag^es 


D 

D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli§  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
tors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmS  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


r:-^^.^fe^ : 


\ 


iiro 

(i6taits 
jes  du 

modifier 
ger  une 

filmage 


The  copy  rilmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  conside    .ig  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
gdn^rositd  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantea  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  iha  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


^es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  «:omporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


re 


i 


s 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


y  errata 
id  to 

nt 

ne  peiure, 

ipon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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OUJf   CANADIAN  RELATIONSHIPS,  No.  /■ 


AND 


WHAT  ARE  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN 
AND  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES? 


By  Jos.  NIMMO,  Jr. 


I  From  tin-  Nczv  lork   Tribune  of  Monday,  May  if,  iSSS.'\ 


REVISED  AND  REPUBLISHED  JULY  16,  1888. 


'^/  inSTORlCAt- \  ..N 


i-*  I 


i  coixi:c"TiC^./-7 


y  / 


\ 


',  /  B  R  ^ 


B^ 


WASHINGTON  : 

Gibson  Bros.,  Printkrs  and  Bookbinders. 

1888. 


/ 


>     • 


y 


Joku  Hopkin's  TToiv,  Lib 
aift. 

JUN  21,  ,  ^^J» 


■fff" 


I 


Editorial  Notice  from  the  New  Fork  Tribune  of  Monday,  May  14,  1888, 

OUU  NORTHEUN  NEIGTIHOK. 

Mr.  Niiuiuo's  letter,  published  un  iiuothcr  piigi',  coutaius  iuformiitiou  tliut 
is  greatly  needed  by  CongresH  and  the  country.  It  treats  of  the  relations  of 
the  Doiniuicjn  of  Canada  to  Great  Hriti'iu  and  the  United  States,  and  of  vari- 
ous violations  of  treaty  law  and  covenanted  reciprocity.  Senator  Frye  late  in 
January  sent  to  the  Coniniitteo  on  Foreign  Kelations  resolutions  of  inijuiry 
respecting  these  abuses,  and  this  letter  virtually  supplies  the  information 
which  was  then  called  for.  It  also  refers  in  detail  to  the  grievances  which 
Kepresentatives  Dingley,  Nutting,  and  IJaker  have  brought  to  light  in  the 
House.  Mr.  Niinnio  is  not  only  master  of  the  suliject,  but  also  of  ■  his  temper. 
The  relations  of  the  Dominion  to  the  United  States  are  discussed  with  as  much 
dignity  as  intelligence,  and  his  statements  of  fact  are  not  vitiated  by  a  single 
unfriendly  expression  or  the  faintest  reference  to  the  subject  of  annexation. 

Some  of  the  specific  counts  in  the  indictment  against  Canada  may  be  briefly 
mentioned.  By  an  order  in  council  a  rebate  of  eighteen  cents  per  ton  has 
been  allowed  on  the  tolls  on  grain  passing  through  the  Welland  and  St.  Law- 
rence canals,  if  shiiinient  be  made  to  Montreal.  This  is  a  premium  ofl'ered 
for  the  diversion  of  American  commerce  from  American  seaports  and  trans- 
portation lines.  This  is  an  open  infraction  of  Article  XXVII  of  the  Treaty 
of  Washington,  and  should  be  met  by  the  immediate  imposition  of  a  tonnage 
tax  on  all  Canadian  vessels  passing  through  t^ie  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Caual.  In 
like  manner  the  iuternational^arrafigehietifs  relating  to  the  transit  trade,  which 
is  of  immense  value  to  Canadian  corporations,  art;  violated  in  Manitoba,  where 
the  Dominion  government  refuses  tQ  ajlow  grain  to  be  shipped  in  bond  over 
American  railroads  to  Montreal.  For  five  years  Canada  has  failed  to  place  on 
the  free  list  various  articles  from  which  duty  was  entirely  taken  off  in  the 
United  States  when  the  tariff  was  revised  ;  and  this  neglect  is  in  direct  viola- 
tion of  an  act  passed  by  the  Dominion  Parliament  in  187U  providing  for 
reciprocity  in  this  respect  whenever  the  same  articles  should  be  admitted  from 
Canada  without  payment  of  duty.  Other  instances  of  bad  faith  are  given  in 
connection  with  a  brief  summary  of  the  denial  of  commercial  privileges  to 
American  fishermen  in  Canadian  harbors. 

The  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter  is  this  ;  Canada  has  been  allowed  to 
impose  upon  the  forbearance  and  good  nature  of  the  United  States.  The 
restraints  of  international  law  and  the  engagements  of  reciprocal  compacts 
do  not  interfere  with  sharp  practice  by  which  temporary  advantages  may  be 
secured  for  the  commerce  of  the  Dominion.  The  ambitious  designs  of  Can- 
ada have  been  pursued  in  a  particularly  aggressive  spirit  since  the  present 
administration  has  been  in  power  in  Washingtou.  Its  government  and  rail- 
way corporations  have  acted  on  the  principle  that  any  favor  that  might  be 
wanted  would  readily  be  granted  by  the  State  and  Treasury  Departments,  and 
that  no  indignities  or  outrages  offered  to  fishermen  would  be  resented,  and 


« 


i««WK3iK 


> 


that  no  coinraerciiU  privilogoH  withhold  in  violation  of  positive  engagen.eutH 
would  be  donmuded  under  nieuuoe  of  retaliation.  The  time  is  rapidly  ap- 
proaching when  retaliation  muHt  be  the  answer  to  every  act  of  injustice  and 
every  infringement  upon  the  i)rinc-iples  of  international  comity.  Canada,  by 
persistuiK  in  taking  advantage  of  American  tolerance  and  ma^^i'animity,  must 
in  the  end  exhaust  the  patience  of  the  i)owevful  nation  whi(di  freely  and  gen- 
erously shares  with  it  all  the  advantages  of  its  geographical  i)08ition. 


THE  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

ITH    UELATIONS    TO    OREAT    BUITAIN    AND    TO    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Three  important  (luestions  have  iiriseii  during  the  last  eighteen 
months  touching  the  relations  existing  between  the  Umtecl  btates 
and  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  viz.,  the  Fishery  question,  the  sub- 
iect  of  "  Commercial  Union,"  and  the  improper  mterference  of  tUe 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  (Company  with  the  course  of  the  develop- 
ment of  our  internal  and  foreign  connuerce  on  the  1  acihc  coast. 
The  international  aspects  of  the  latter  cjuestion  arise  irom  the  fact 
that  the  railway  mentioned  was  constructed  for  political  rat  ir  than 
commercial  purposes,  mainly  from  funds  supplied  by  the  Dominion 
government  or  through  its  credit,  nnd  that  it  is  now  openly  carry- 
ing out  its  political  designs.      The  consideration  of  these  three 
international  (luestions,  in  connection  with  certain  important  col- 
lateral issues,  has  prompted  the  inquiry —What  is  the  Dominion 
of  Canada,  and  what  are  the  relations  which  it  sustains  to  l:freat 
Britain  and  to  the  United  States?     This  inquiry  is  in  terms  ex- 
pressfid  in  a  resolution  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  btates  of 

January  30,  1888.  ,  ,        i        •     -x 

Besides,  other  circumstances  and  events  have  awakened  curiosity 
and  prompted  inquiry,  viz:  (a)  The  progress  of  Canada  towards 
absolute  "home  rule;"  (b)  the  constant  and  earnest  profession  by 
the  Canadian  people  and  government  of  devotion  to  British  insti- 
tutions, and  of  fealty  to  the  British  Crown,  while  persistently  pur- 
suing the  policv  of  throwing  oil"  every  form  of  interference  by  the 
British  government  in  Canadian  affairs,  oven  to  the  matter  ot 
treaty  making  ;  (c)  the  movement  in  favor  of  British  Imperial  Con- 
federation, which  evidently  has  the  sympathy  and  active  cooper- 
ation of  the  chief  political  rulers  of   the  Dominion,  and  which 
expresses  itself  in  militarv  preparations,  and  in  the  establishment 
of  steamer  lines  subsidized  by  the  British  government  and  oper- 
ated in  connection  with  the  "political  railroads"  of  Canada;  and 
(d)  the  recent  rebellion  of  the  province  of  Manitoba  aganist  the 
national  (?)  authority,  the  deiwHemeut  of  which  appears  to  be  a 
complete  surrender,  at  discretion,  by  the  Dominion  government, 


...     .,  j.^J-.w  iiaiimii^mtSMnmiS!M0^!i'V^^^''i 


involving  n  virtual  payinont  of  (lai.ia^'fs  for  hiivint,'  aswuto.l  its 
authority.  ThoHo  thin^'H,  tot,'ether  with  otlitu'  mivnifoHtations  of  tlw 
condition  of  political  affiiirH  in  Canada,  (inbraciufj;  acts  appar- 
ently hoatilo  to,  or  in  bad  faith  toward,  the  United  .States,  couHti- 
tute  at  once  a  combination  of  i)arad()XcH  and  a  nicnaco  to^thiH 
country.  They  also  emphaHize  the*  portinoncy  of  the  Conf,'reH- 
Hional  incpiiry— What  is  the  Dominion  of  (!anada,  ami  wlnit  are  the 
relations  which  it  HUHtains  to  Great  Britain  and  to  the  United 
States? 

History  of  the  C.\se. 

During  the  progress  of  the  events  which  culminated  in  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States,  loyalty  to  the  British  Crown  came 
in  conflict  with  a  stronger  British  trait,  the  love  of  liberty,  and 
out  of  the  contest  a  great  nation  sprung  into  existence,  with  new 
affections,  purposes,  and  aspirations.     In  that  struggle  the  people 
of  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  I'riiux'  Edward's  Island, 
and  Newfoundland  did  not  join;     Thousands  on  this  side  of  the 
boundary  line  also  maintained  their  allegiance  to  the  British  Crown, 
and,  forsaking  earthly  possessions  and  attachments  here,  at  great 
sacrifice,  went  and  dwelt  with  their  brethren  beyond  the  border, 
with  whom  they  were  politically  in  sympathy.     These  events  have 
only  a  historical  significance  in  the  United  States,  but  they  consti- 
tute traditional  forces  in  the  political  life  of  the  people  of  British 
North  America,  who  are  yet  unable  to  entertain  any  clear  concep- 
tion of  governmental  sovereignty,  which,  at  least  in  some  remote 
or  sentimental  manner,  is  not  symbolized  by  a  crown.     They  also 
cling  to  the  infatuation  of  titles  of  nobility  with  an  ardor  which 
is  almost  pathetic.     And  yet  a  peaceful  but  radical  change  has 
taken  place  in  the  condition  of  the  i)olitical  affairs  of  British  North 
America.     To  some  extent  monarchical  forms  have  been  preserved, 
but,  as  Professor  Gold  win  Smith  observen,  in  a  way  which  shows 
"  that  monarchy  is  an  exotic  incapable  of  transportation  to  the  soil 
of  the  New  World."  ^  ,       .    ,r     i       n 

The  great  Canadian  Prime  Minister,  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald, 
nev*»''  loses  an  opportunity  to  express  his  devotion  to  British  con- 
nei'  '  "  and  to  the  monarchical  form  of  government,  but  he  also 
decla)-.  ;i  that  he  is  "  for  home  rule  to  the  hilt."  The  whole  course 
of  the  economic  and  political  devalopment  of  the  provinces  now 
comprising  the  Dominion  of  Canada  has  been  toward  independent 
nationality.  The  British  government  has  in  one  or  two  instances 
aided  the  local  authorities  in  suppressing  political  revolt,  but  it  has 
never  asserted  its  authority  against  any  popular  movement  toward 
that  independence  which  the  American  Colonies  won  by  the  sword. 
Although  the  people  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  have  never  de- 
clared that  politically  they  "  hold  the  people  of  Great  Britain  as 
they  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,"  practically  they  do  so,  and  the 


-'! 


i 


«  v»»"»*a»*f  «^»i**l*  ^v.*-- 


(' 


raotlier  coniitrv  HtniulH  rcadv  to  Hovor  tlio  nominal  connection  when- 
ever the  Cftiiailia!!  people  Hl.all  indicate  that  they  no  longer  deHire 
to  (.ontiimo  the  n^lationship.     At  the  present,  time  it  appears  as 
though  this  relationsiiip  were  destineil  to  K^ow  stron{,'er  under  the 
"  Imperial  Confederation  of  liritish  Nations,"  the  plan  ot  "nion  which 
seems  to  meet  favorable  consideration  in  all  parts  of  the  British 
Empire      Amonj?  themselves  the  British  people  are  En^dishmen, 
Scotchmen,  and  (Canadians  and  Australians,  but  toward  a  1  the  rest 
of  the  world  thcv  are  Britons,  and  the  spirit  of  Greater  Britainisra 
now  api)ears  to  bo  predominant.     Whether  the  centnfuyal  tenden- 
cies of  local  interests  or  the  centripetal  tendencies  of  devotion  to 
the  inte.'i-itv  of  tlie  British  Empire  are  the  stronger  is  one  of  the 
most  momentous  political  (piestions  of  the  present  day.      Ihe  mil- 
itary advantaf,'es  afforded  by  imperial  unity  appear  to  have  great 
weiiht  with  the  Canadians.     They  think  also  that  the  confedeia- 
tion  of  British  nations  would  preserve  the  opportunities  winch  for 
centuries  have  been  open  to  the  strategies  of  British  commercial 
enterprise.     The  movement  in  favor   of   Imperial  Confederation 
will  be  made  the  fiubject  of  a  separate  article. 
liiE  Dominion  Goveunment. 
For  many  years  prior  to  18('.7  the  union  of  the  British  North 
American  colonies  had  been  discussed,  but  during  the  civil  war  in 
this  country— 18(;i  to  ISOf.-  it  was  earnestly  advocated  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  "a  British  nationality  on  this  continent  on 
monarchical  principles."     This  is  apparently  the  guiding  thought 
to-day  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  the  "  Premier"  of  Canada 

The  Dominion  government,  whose  existence  dates  from  July  1, 
18(!7,  is  alreadv  a  political  autonomy,  closely  allied  to  Great  Britain 
in  the  bonds  of  affection,  but  differing  from  her  in  organic  char- 
acteristics and  in  the  objects  of  national  polity.  Military  occupa- 
tion by  the  mother  country  ceased  long  ago,  the  Governor-Genera 
of  Canada,  sent  out  bv  the  Queen,  has  been  stripped  of  all  real 
authority  ;  the  power  to  make  her  own  commercial  treaties  is  as- 
serted and  practically  exercised  by  the  Dominion  government,  and 
in  the  absolute  control  of  her  fiscal  affairs  (Canada  has  adopted  a 
tariff  under  which  the  products  of  Great  Britain  are  taxed  to  the 
same  extent  that  imports  from  other  countries  are  taxed.  But  in 
spite  of  the  apparent  separation,  there  is  a  devotion  to  Britisb 
connection  which  appears  to  illustrate  the  force  of  the  sentiment, 
"Let  me  make  a  nation's  songs,  and  I  care  not  who  makes  her 
laws."  The  philosophy  of  the  political  situation  in  Canada,  it 
there  be  any  philosophy  about  it,  is  a  riddle  to  the  American  mind. 

Geoohaphicai   Characteristics. 
The  Dominion  of  Canada  consists  of  four  blocks  of  inhabited 
territory  with  wide  intervening  irreclaimable  spaces.     These  m- 


ifi*^:* 


luil)ito.l  areas  aro  houmka  oi.  th..  north  l.v  a  rogion  of  oto.na 
froHt,  a  viiHt  American  Sil).nia.  and  on  t,ho  Honth  by  t\w  Umted 
Statt'H      They  have  no  natural  coniinorcial  relation.*  to  ea<^h  other, 
but,  treoL'raphically.  oacli  in  doHoly  rohitod  to  this  i-ountry.     be- 
fore the  Doininiou  government  wan  orKanize.l,  tho  Heveral  prov- 
inces were  socially,  conunercially.  and  politically  stranK^s  to  each 
otlier,   and   the  material  connection   is   now   maintiunod   clue  ly 
throuL'h  the  agency  of  two  railroads,  the  Intercoloinal  and  the 
CJanadian  Pacific,  which  subserve  political  rather  than  coininercial 
ends.    Lord  Lansdowne,  the  present  Governor-General  of  (.ana.la, 
said,  in  1885,  "Confederation  without  the  railway  was  not  worth 
the  paper  on  which  the  British  North  American  Act  was  prnited. 
The  union  of  the  provinces  appears  to  have  been  dictated  by  po- 
litical ends  iu  defiance  both  of  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  trade. 
Newfoundland  never  went  into  the  confederation,  and,  as  the  years 
roll  by,  she  apvvrently  sees  widghtier  reasons  for  Keeping  out  nl  it. 
In  order  to  p'-omoto  exchanges  between  the  agricultural,  tish- 
iu<'.  mining,  and  manufacturing  hidustries  of  the  several  sections 
of  the  Dominion,  the  most  nationalistic  of  all  governmental  expe- 
dients has  been  adopted,  viz.,  a  tariff  on  imports  protective  of  homo 
industries.     This  has  to  a  certain  extent  protuoted  internal  ex- 
changes, even  as  against  that  competition  resulting  from  geo- 
graphical conditions  so  much  more  favorable  to  commerce  between 
the  provinces  and  the  United  States.  i      ,      i     wv 

It  has  been  supposed  that  the  adoption  by  Canada  of  a  tautt 
policy  so  different  from  that  which  prevails  in  Great  Britain  would 
teud  to  the  disruption  of  the  British  Empire,  but  such  has  not  been 
the  case,  either  in  Canada  or  in  Australia,  where  a  snnilar  tariff  policy 
has  been  adopted.  Ever  since  she  was  forced  to  acknowledge  the 
independence  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain  ha.^  steadily  pre- 
served the  policy  of  allowing  her  pruicipal  colonies  to  wcirk  out 
their  own  development  according  to  the  leadings  of  spocihc  na- 
tional wants  and  specific  national  experiences.  The  political  party 
now  in  power  in  Canada  has  adopted,  and  is  strenuously  main- 
taining, the  policy  of  protection,  and  is  also  loudest  in  its  protes- 
sions  of  loyalty  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  also  assiduously  engaged 
in  the  promotion  of  the  scheme  of  British  Imperial  Confederation 
—a  scheme  which  challenges  the  attention  of  the  Umted  States. 


Infirmities  of  the  Dominion  Goveunment. 
an   article   contributed   to   7'Ae   Cimtempnrary 


In  an  article  contributed  to  The  iJontempnrary  Remew  of 
July  1887,  Professor  Goldwin  Smith  says :  "  In  its  internal  struc- 
ture the  Dominion  is  a  federation,  and  the  relation  of  each  prov- 
ince to  the  Dominion  is  that  of  an  American  State  to  the  Federal 
Government."  But  the  Canadian  union  is  in  its  structural  fea- 
tures greatly  inferior  to  that  union  which  constitutes  us  a  nation. 
The  constitution  of  Canada  is  merely  the  statutory  enactment  of 


I 


Qrmi  liiitiiiii,  ii  country  of  which  h\w  in  iniictically  iudopendont, 
ami  tliis  H()-call(Ml  constitution  hiiH  never  l»<ion  Huhniitttul  to  the 
Ciinii.Uiin  iwopln  for  nititiciition      (iuoHtioiiH  aiuemlatory   of  the 
orKiuiic  net  iiro  frcclv  (hHcuHHcd  in  tlio  House  of  OoiiunouH  of  the 
Dominion,  and  can  be  passed  upon  without  any  reference  to  the 
Ihitish  I'arliament,  and  without  the  formaUty  of  a  ratifyui},'  i)opu- 
lar  vote.     It  also  appears  to  he  within  tlie  power  of  the  several 
provinces  to  nuUify  tlie  constitutional  (?)  powers  of  tlie  Domunon^ 
Ah  an  iUuHtration.'tlio  original  f,Miiut  by  the  Domuuon  ^,'overnmmit 
to  the  ( lamuhan   I'acilic  Itiiilway  Company  ^'ave  it  the  exchiHive 
riLdit  to  ))uild  Imuicli  hiies  within  specitied  HmitH,  but  the  "  (.om^ 
mons  "  of  little  Manitoba  found  that  commercial  interests  required 
branch  Hues  to  IVLiiinesota,  ho  they  net  about  nullifying  that  enact- 
ment.    Sir  John  A.   Mac(h)nald,  the  Canadian   I'remier.  at   hrst 
strenuouHly  refuH»«l  consent  to  this  arrangement,  but  he  was  hually 
compelled 'to  Huccumb,  at  the  same  time  agreeing  to  pay  to  the 
Canadian  Pacific  the  Hum  of  $1(),0()0,U()(>  for  the  Iohh  of  itH  mo- 
nopoly. ,.  i  •    ii 

Another  baneful  feature  of  the  Cana.han  government  ih  the  piac- 
tice  of  continually  appropriating  money  to  (hfteiont  HectioiiH  in  the 
form  of  subsidies,  know  as  "  better  terms."  Such  payments  are 
in  the  nature  of  compensation  to  particular  provinces  for  uic(m- 
veniences  or  disadvantages  which  they  are  asHumod  to  sutTor  as  in- 
cidents of  confederation.  Professor  Goldwin  Smith  declares  this 
to  be  essentially  a  Hystom  of  political  bribery. 

POLITICAI.    ChARA(!TERISTIC8. 

Patterned  after  the  Uritisli  government,  but  without  its  tradi- 
tional safeguards,  the  Dominion  government  is  essentially  a  polit- 
ical party  government.     The  party  in   power  absolutely  controls 
both  the  legislative  and  executive  branches  of  the  government. 
The  leader  of  that  party,  who  is  elected  Prime  Minister  by  the 
Commons,  is  for  the  time  being  autocrat  of  the  country.     In  many 
cases   party   interest  prevents   members   from  voting  according 
to  their  convictions  and  the  interests  of    their  constituencies 
Virtually,  legislative  power  is  lodged  exclusively  in  the  House  ol 
Commons,  which  alone  is  elective.      This  characterizes  both  the 
Dominion  government  and  the  provincial  governments      As  the 
Prime  Minister  is  the  leader  of  the  Commons,  the  executive  dom- 
inates the  legislative  in  important  particulars.     According  to  our 
ideas,  this  is  the  very  antithesis  of  responsible  government.     Sir 
John  A  Macdouald  is  to-day  the  virtual  autocrat  of    Canada. 
l>rof    Goldwin  Smith  characterizes  the  Dominion  government  as 
a  »  federal  republic  with  a  false  front  of  monarchy."     1  o  an  Amer- 
ican citizen  it  looks  like  a  tierce  democracy  with  a  monarchical 
feather  in  its  cap,  and  a  somewhat  idolatrous  fondness  for  the 
feather. 


■fcyjitT*"*!""^" 


i-iil'',v'rt!1t'nf-^t''^^'--^~'' 


pendent, 
1(1  to  the 
y  of  the 
iH  of  the 
e  to  the 
!>(,'  i)opu- 

0  Huvoral 
•orainion. 
^eniniuut 
exchiHive 
i«  "  ( Jom- 

re(iuiieil 
lat  eiuvct- 
,  at  tii'Ht 
rtiH  tiuully 
ay  to  the 
f  itH  ino- 

1  the  prac- 
3I1H  in  the 
luontH  are 
for  imion- 
iffor  aH  in- 
ihiroH  this 


t  its  tradi- 
ly  a  polit- 
y  controls 
vernuient. 
ter  by  the 
In  many 
according 
tituenciea. 
3  House  of 
B  both  the 
8.     As  the 
utive  dom- 
ling  to  our 
nent.     Sir 
f    Oanada. 
)rument  as 
oan  Amer- 
lonarchical 
jss  for  the 


4 


Tho  (Canadians  dcclan.  that  thoir  govnrn.nonr  is  inon'  phiiLln  than 
that  of  th.,  Unitod  States.     Thin  is  uti.loul.t.Hlly  tru.|.     An  .  Uh- 
tration  of  thn  pliability  of  th.  Cana.lmn  syst,...u  ,""^v  bn  ,us t.m.  ml 
bv  in»acininL'  Socrotarv   Havard.  as   tho  p..hlu-al   ai.t...  rat  ot   the 
I?^.i  e^itates,  goin,  t»  thoSpoak.-r  of  tho  [lo.so  ot      ;;i>'--  - 
tivos  some  m.nning.  and,  handin-  to  lam  a  '"II '^""""'^'""•^  "^   . 
Constitution  of  tho   Unitod  Statos.  to  b«  put     hn.ngh  as  a  pa. 
mm  «  n-«,  with  an  appropriation  bill  in  favor  of  Ho.-tions  hkely  t  > 
"Set,  and  then  stopping  over  to  tho  Semite  and  u.tornung  the 
r  Sdent  thereof  that  when  tho  bill  oamo  to  that  body  .   mus   bo 
put  through  w..hout  debate.     Tho  ( "anad.an  Sonate  is  no Uloc^      - 
and   exercises   no   in.loi.en.lont   legislative   power.       Iho   KHont 
Buccessful  nuUitication  of  an  act  of  tho  Dominion  govoinment  bj 
the  Province  of  Manitoba  furnishes  an  illustration  ot  g..vorn.nen- 
tal  pliability  which  does  not  excite  the  envy  of  the  people  ot  tho 
United  States. 
The  Worktno  Featurks  of  thk   Domimon  Govkuvmkkt  mvvmm 

COMMEIICIAI,    InTEUCOUUSK    WITH    OTIIEU    LoiINTUIEH. 

Under  the  Canadian  form  of  government  duties  may  be  laid  upon 
exports  as  well  as  upon  imports.    Under  our  ConHt't^tion  the  U  ^^^^ 
Statos  Govoripu.  itcan  lay  duties  only  upon  imports.    In  the  stiug- 
gles  for  commercial  advantago,  in  which  Canada  always  appears  to 
be  inclined  to  engage,  she  may  use  tho  right  arm  of  import  duties  as 
we    a    the  left  arm^of  export  duties,  while  the  United  States  is  coi. 
fined  to  the  use  of  tho  one  arm.     iiosides,  in  matters  whore  tude 
tactics  seem  to  be  involved,  the  Governor  ^  couuci   is  uives tod 
with  ample  power  to  put  duties  on  or  take  them  oft  as  ciicun- 
Sices  .nay  seem  to  .-oquire.     Pursuing  the  analogy  ot  per  ona 
encounter,  "this  auxiliary   power  may  be  regarde.l  as  a  so.  t  o 
kicking  arrangement.      Such  an  e(iuipment  ot  hs<-,al  powe.s,   ui 
cnnection  wFtli  the  concentration  of  governmental  f^'l'^tions  m 
the  hands  of  a  few  men,  of  course  ivllows  the  e.Korciso  ot  a  degieo 
of  commercial  tact  and  acumen  in  diplomacy,  in  legislation,  and 
in  the  administration  of  executive  duties  w  uch  does  not  m^e    '^^ 
the  Government  of  the  United  States.     This  fact   l^owevor  does 
not  suggest  the  propriety  of  any  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States. 

Attitude  toward  the  United  States. 
The  historic  origin  of  the  hostile  attitude  assumed  by  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  toward  the  United  States  has  already  been 
noticed.  Moved  by  such  traditional  prejudices  the  Canadians 
arrayed  themselves  against  the  United  States  during  our  war  ot 
1812  with  Great  Britain,  and  during  our  late  civil  war  they  th  ew 
the  entii-e  moralforce  of  their  sympathies  on  the  side  of  the  dis- 


10 


solution  of  the  Union,  apparently  with  the  idea  that  the  disruption 
of  this  country  would  tend,  relatively  at  least,  to  advance  British 
influence  and  power  on  this  continent.     Such  conduct  has  not,  of 
course,  tended  to  elicit  a  kindly  feeling  toward  Canada  in  any  sec- 
tion of  our  reunited  country.     The  last-mentioned  manifestation 
of  Canadian  hostility  was  the  more  wounding  to  the  feelings  of 
the  people  of  this  country  from  the  fact  that  it  occurred  at  a  time 
when  Canada  was  enjoying  the  full  benefits  of  the  "  Transit  Trade, 
a  complete  reciprocity  of  transportation  by  rail,  and  the  advan- 
tages of  free  competition  by  the  St.  Lawrence  river  and  canals 
in  the  commerce  of  our  Northwestern  States,  and  that  a  reciproc- 
ity treaty  with  respect  to  trade  between  the  two  countries  was  m 
force,  although  it  had  proved  to  be  much  more  beneficial  to  Can- 
ada than  to  the  United  States.     It  appeared  as  though  the  Cana- 
dians had  allowed  traditional  political  animosities,  which  the  people 
of  this  country  had  long  since  consigned  to  the  mouldy  past,  to 
lead  them  so  far  as  to  overlenp  even  the  dictates  of  sound  judgment 
and  of  self-interest.      The  immediate  result  of  such  action  was 
that  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1855  was  abrogated  in  18()6.     But 
recent  violations  of  treaty  stipulations  and  reciprocal  arrangements 
have  tended  again  to  excite  the  resentment  of  our  people,  and  to 
suggest  the  adoption  of  a  general  line  of  specific  retaliation  in 
order  to  protect  the  interests  of  American  citizens,  and  to  vindi- 
cate the  honor  and  dignity  of  this  country.     The  more  important 
of  these  recent  matters  of  complaint  will  here  be  mentioned  : 

Violation  of  the  Transit  Trade.       . 

After  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  was  completed  in  1886  the 
Dominion  government  refused  to  allow  grain  produced  m  Mani- 
toba to  be  transported  over  American  railroads  "  in  bond "  to 
Montreal.     The  movement  of   several  million  bushels  of    gram 
was  thus  restrained.     This  is  a  flagrant  violation  of  the  privilege  of 
the  "  Transit  Trade,"  under  which  reciprocal  arrangement  the  rail- 
roads of  Canada  have  profited  ten  times  as  much  as  railroads  of 
the  United  States.     The  "  Transit  Trade  "  has  also  been  of  enor- 
mous advantage  to  the  commercial  and  industrial  interests  of  Can- 
ada.    The  refusal  of  the  Dominion  government  to  allow  gram  to 
be  transported  "  in  bond  "  over  American  railroads  has  not  been 
openly  announced,  but  it  has  been  carried  out  surreptitiously. 
The  Ottawa  authorities  declare  that  no  instructions  have  been 
issued  to  the  officials  in  Manitoba  to  prevent  the  traffic,  and  the 
customs  officials  in  Manitoba  declare  that  no  instructions  have 
been  issued  to  them  whereby  they  can  issue  tbe  necessary  certifi- 
cates.    Such  conduct  is  discreditable  to  the  Dominion  government, 
and  it  ought  to  be  met  by  a  proper  retaliation  on  the  part  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States. 


J I 


'ftt^^r-'^*^^"*"^ 


^-. -J¥^S-ii-i'..*J^**. 


11 

Refurino  to   tut.  United  States  Reciprocity  in  the  Matter  of 
THE  Extension  of  Lines  of  Transpoutation. 
Citizens  of  Canada  and  railroad  corporations  of  Canada  hav^ 
been  granted  about  all  the  privileges  for  ^^^ich  they  have  asked  m 
the  matter  of  extending  Canadian  railroads  into  and  thiough  the 
sevemTstates  of  this  country.     Such  privileges  have  been  gran  ed 
by  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont  and  recently,  "n/^r  the 
generalpovisions  of  State  laws,  the  Duluth,  South  ^bove  &  Atkn- 
Uc  Railway,  extending  from  the  city  of  Duluth  to  Sault  bte.  Mane, 
Ind  thelVnnneapolis,  Sault  Ste.  Mane  &  f  ^'J^'' ^'"^-^J';  f ", 
ing  from  Minneapolis  to  Sault  Ste.  Mane,  both  located  n  tbe  States 
of  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan   have  passed  undei    he 
control  of  parties  representing  the  interests  of  the  Canadian!  pcifac 
Railway.     It  is  also  understood  that  a  line  of  railway  in  the  s..^e 
hiteSis  to  be  constructed  from  Duluth  to  the  Canadian  Pacific 
a    a  connecting  hnk,  the  latter  railway  having  a  Ime  already  com- 
nleted  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard      These 
3  rtransportation  embrace  in  themselves  the  conditions  o^ 
reciprocal  commerce.     They  will  evidently  prove  of  great  vahieo 
thecommercialinterests  of  Minnesota,  Wisconsm  and  Michigan, 
and  in  a  higher  degree  subserve  the  commercial  interests  ot  Can- 
ada     But  ft  the  same  time  the  concessions  thus  made  to  Canadian 
lines  involve  an  indignity  to  the  United  States,  and  a  POBitwe  in- 
justice to  the  transportation  and  commercial  interests  ot   this 
Suntrv,in  view  of  the  fact  that  Canada  refuses  to  reciprocate 
?he  pri;ileges  of  the  right  of  way  so  freely  granted  to  her  lines  by 
the  severaf States  abovt  mentioned.     The  situation  of  aftau-s  is  as 
follows  :  The  people  of  Canada,  in  common  with  the  people  of  t  e 
United  States,\re  allowed  to  construct  railroads  in  this  country 
upon  almost  any  location  which  they  may  choose,  ^vhereas  ml  load 
construction  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  has  from  the  beg  niing 
been  determined  mainly  by  politica    considerations  t^e  ''^h'ef  ot 
which  is  the  consolidation  of  the  different  parts  of  that  conted 
Trac'v  in  connection  with   the  larger  object  of  British  Impenal 
Confederation,  which  latter  scheme  is  re-enforced  by  military  prep- 
aiations  and  ocean  steamei  subsidies.    The  Dominion  govevmnent, 
in  the  pursuit  of  such  political  designs,  not  only  dictates  the  oca- 
tLn  of  her  main  lines  of  railway,  but  has  aided  m  their  constiuc- 
on  bv  enormous  grants  and  subventions.      Again,  the  ob  ect  of 
such  location  of  linls  has  been  to  prevent  commerce  from   aking 
he  north  and  south  course  to  and  from  the  United  fates  but  to 
turn  it  in  an  east  and  west  direction,  so  as  not  only  to  hold  Cana^ 
dian  traffic  on  Canadian  lines,  but  to  turn  traffic  of  the  United 

^n^e^rugg'L  railroad  traffic  along  our  northern  border 

were  merely  a  contest  between  rival  raUroad  co^^P^^^^^^^uTited 
be  no  doubt  of  the  abiUty  of  railroad  corporations  of  the  United 


jJBI£pMMpMnw 


n 

states  to  dictate  the  course  of  trade ;  but  our  transportati'  i- 
tereais  are  completely  overpowered  by  the  authority  and  p .tiou- 
&ge  of  the  Canadian  government.  Until  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
shall  consent  to  reciprocate  the  favors  which  she  has  so  abundantly 
received  in  the  location  of  connecting  lines  in  the  United  States, 
by  allowing  citizens  of  this  country  perfect  freedom  in  extending 
American  lines  to  Winnipeg,  Toronto,  Ottawa,  Montreal,  and  Que- 
bec, the  United  States  ought  to  respond  to  such  an  arrogant  refusal 
of  reciprocity  by  the  imposition  of  duties  upon  eggs,  ^resh  fish,  and 
potatoes,  or  by  other  acts  of  retaliation  within  the  scope  of  the 
powers  inherent  in  the  National  Government. 

The  Treaty  of  Washington,  concluded  May  8,  1871,  bore  the 
first  mark  of  this  political  scheme  of  encroachment  upon  the  rail- 
road system  of  the  United  States.  The  words  "  to  other  2)lacea  in 
the  United  States,"  near  the  end  of  the  second  paragraph  of 
Article  XXIX,  grant  to  Canadian  railroads  the  right  to  convey 
goods  from  one  point  in  the  United  States  to  another  point  in  the 
United  States  without  payment  of  duty,  whereas  there  are  no 
corresponding  words  in  the  first  paragraph  of  the  article  referred 
to  which  grant  a  reciprocal  privilege  to  the  railroads  of  this  country. 

The  United  States  cannot,  consistently  with  the  duty  of  main- 
taining her  dignity,  consent  that  an  iafeiior  power  on  this  continent 
shall  alone  dictate  the  course  of  our  commercial  currents,  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  political  ends  inimical  to  this  country,  nor 
of  promoting  political  ends  in  which  we  have  no  interest  whatever. 

The  Violent  Diversion  of  our  Internal  and  Foreign  Commerce 
ON  the  Pacific  Coast. 

While  the  "  transit  trade  "  over  connecting  lines  in  the  United 
States  and  in  Canada  east  of  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  embrace  re- 
ciprocal commercial  advantages  to  the  two  contiguous  countries, 
the  portion  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  west  of  Winnipeg 
offers  no  such  reciprocal  advantages.  The  enormous  subvention 
granted  to  the  Canadian  Pacific,  and  the  enormous  annual  subsidy 
granted  to  the  steamer  line  extending  from  Port  Moody  to  ports 
in  China  and  Japan,  constitute  the  instrumentalities  of  a  violent 
diversion  of  our  internal  and  foreign  commerce.  At  the  same  time 
our  Interstate  Commerce  Law  operates  as  a  protection  to  the 
aims  and  purposes  of  the  Dominion  government  through  its  agent, 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  This  whole  matter  is  set  forth  at 
some  length  in  the  document  entitled,  "  Our  Canadian  Relation- 
ships, No.  2." 

Refusing  to  Reciprocate  in  Aiding  Vessels  in  Distress. 

On  the  4th  of  February,  1888,  the  Hon.  Newton  W.  Nutting, 
of  New  York,  brought  to  'the  attention  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives the  fact  that  the  Dominion  government  still  refuses  to 


1- 


^. 


18 

accept  the  offer  made  by  the  United  States  by  act  of  June  19, 1878, 
to  allow  Canadian  wrecking  vessels  and  maclnneij  to  assist 
Canadian  vessels  wrecked  in  American  waters,  provided  a  like  priy- 
iletre  is  extended  to  American  wrecking  vessels  and  machineiy  m 
Canadian  waters.  This  refusal  to  reciprocate  in  a  cause  winch  ap- 
peals to  the  humane  impulses  cf  mankind  .^  m  kee-mg  with  the 
refusal  of  the  Canadian  government  to  allow  American  hshing  ves- 
sels the  common  privilege  of  seeking  refuge  in  her  ports  in  time 
of  storm,  and  for  replenishment  and  necessary  repairs. 

Violation  of  the  Trkaty  of  "Washington. 
A  flagrant  and  most  absurd  violation  of  a  treaty  stipulation  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  was  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the  4th  ot  January, 
1888,  in  the  form  of  a  resolution  submitted  by  the  Hon.  Nelson 
Dinglev,  Jr.,  of  Maine,  a  gentleman  always  vigilant  of  the  mari- 
time and  commercial  interests  of  the  United  States.     During  the 
last  three  years,  through  the  device  of  an  "  Order  in  Council,    a 
rebate  of  ]8  cents  per  ton  has  been  allowed  out  ot  the  total  to  | 
of  20  cents  per  ton  on  grain  of  all  sorts  passing  through  the  Wel- 
land  and  St.  Lav.rence  canals,  if  shipped  to  Montreal      Ihe  long 
and  short  of  this  is  a  premium  of  18  cents  a  ton  offered  by  the 
Canadian  government  in  fp,vor  of  the  diversion  of  American  com- 
merce from  American  seaports  and  American  transportation  hues. 
An  officer  of  the  revenue  department  of  Canada  has  innocently  con- 
fessed that  "  the  object  of  the  Du minion  government  in  promul- 
ffatiiiff  this  order  is  to  encourage  trade  over  the  St.  Lawrence  route 
instead  of  allowing  it  to  go  to  American  ports."     This,  however, 
as  explained  by  Mr.  Uiugley  on  the  floor  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, is  an  open  violation  of  Art.  XXVII  of  the  Treaty  of 
Washington.     It  was  hoped  that  the  Canadian  government  would 
have  acknowledged  the  expediency,  if  not  tlfe  justice,  of  receding 
from  this  manifest  breach  of  treaty  obligation,  but  this  has  not 
been  done      On  the  20th  of  April  the  Governor  General  in  Council 
ordered  that  the  arrangement  be  continued  during  the  season  of 
navigation  of  1888.     The  Government  of  the  United  States  ought 
at  once,  in  response  to  this  indefensible  discrimination  agamst 
American  commerce,  to  impose  a  tonnage  tax  of  at  least  10  cents 
per  ton  on  the  gross  tonnage  of  all  Canadian  vessels  passing  through 
the  canal  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  the  rapids  in  the  stmit  which  con- 
nects the  navigation  of  Lake  Superior  with  that  of  Lake  Huron. 
This  canal,  with  its  lock  515  feet  long  and  eighty  feet  wide,  was 
constructed  a^.  a  cost  of  about  $4,000,000,  and  is  now  owned  and 
operated  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States.     Both  Ameri- 
can  and  Canadian  vessels  are  allowed  to  pass  through  Sault  bte. 
Marie  canal  free  of  tolls.  .      . 

That  the  United  States  has  full  power  to  order  such  discnm- 


..  MrilatfirrfliTrfriit' iriin  -TUgrVki^,- 


mm^-^tMi''^*^*- ■■'"'" ""' " 


14 

inating  tax  upon  Canadian  vessels  ^ill  be  readily  seen  by  exatnining 
Art  XXVII  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  concluded  July  4, 1871. 
it  th^rS  tLe  canal  belonged  to  tie  State  of  Mielngan  and  xt 
was  not  transfeiTBd  to  the  United  States  until  June  5,  1881. 
Canadian  Discriminations  in  Entry  Fees. 
On  the  7tl.  of  June,  1888,  the  Hon.  A.  X.  Parser,  of  New  York, 
stated  in  the  House  of  Representatives  that  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment pennitB  "  Canadian  shipping  to  come  into  and    eave  the^ 
ports  for  a  whole  yeai-  with  only  a  single  charge  of  50  cents,  pa  U 
Zee,  while  the  American  bottoms  that  go  into  Canadian  ports  are 
taxed  every  time  by  charges  of  entry  fees,  exit  fees,  and  other 
charges."     Mr.  Parker  adds:  "We  have  had  some  experience  m 
Canadian  reciprocity,  and  are  not  in  haste  to  liave  it  repeated. 
Refusal  to  Observe  Obligations  of  Plighted  Faith. 
On  the  2d  of  April,  1888,  the  Hon.  Charles  S.  Baker,  of  Roch- 
ester, brought  to  the  attention  of  the  House  ot   luiaesentatives 
perhaps  the  most  flagrant  of  all  the  recent  breaches  of  good  fuith 
toward  the  United  States  by  the  Donunion  of  Canada.     Ihe  Cana- 
dian act  of  Parliament  of  May  15,  1879,  provided  that  a  large  num- 
ber of  specified  agricultural  and  other  products  might  be  admitted 
into  Canada  fro.n  the  United  States  free  of  duty  whenever  the 
United  States  should  admit  similar  articles  from  ^"""^^a  Jiee  o 
duty.     This  offer  was  accepted  by  our  act  of  March  3,  lS8d,  with 
respect  to  many  of  the  articles  mentioned.     But  for  hve  years 
Canada  has  failed  to  place  such  ai-ticles  upon  her  free  list.     Com- 
plaint having  been  made  through  the  Hon.  Chas.  S  Baker  by  par- 
rs injuriously  affected,  Secretary  Bayard  brought  the  matter  m 
an  unofficial  wav  to  the  attention  of  the  Canadian  government 
early  in  March,  but  the  Minister  of  Customs  evaded  the  whole 
thing  by  asserting  that  the  Canadian  government  was  not  obliged 
to  observe  the  reciprocity  contracted  upon  its  own  mo  ion  untU 
every  one  of  the  articles  enumerated  by  the  Canadian  act  of  187a 
was  made  free  by  the  United  States.     But  this  was  manifestly  ab- 
surd, as  the  act  referred  to  provides  that  ^^any  and  all  of  the  fol- 
lowing articles,  &c.,  &c.,  may  be  imported  into  Canada  free  of 
duty "^    On  the  28th  of  March  Sir  Peter  Mitchell,  of  New  Bruns- 
wick! called  the  Prime  Minister  sharply  to  account  on  the  floor  of 
the   House  of  Commons  for  his  transpai-ent  act  of  bad  taitli,  to 
which  the  imperious  leader  sullenly  replied  that  the  act  was  per- 
missive and  not  mandatory,  its  language  being  "  may  be  imported, 
and  that  the  Canadian  government  was  more  concerned  m  protect- 
ing the  interest  of  Canada  than  those  of  the  United  states.     The 
shallowness  of  this  defence  was  readUy  exposed.     But  the  resolu- 
tion offered  by  Mr.  Baker  in  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the 
2d  of  April  brought  the  Canadian  chieftain  to  terms.     Two  days 


'■•■V 


r  \ 


15 

afterwards,  viz.,  on  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  April,  Sir  Charles 
Tupper  Minister  of  Finance,  announced  on  the  floor  of  the  House 
of  Commons  that  at  the  instance  of  Lord  Salisbury,  Prime  Min- 
ister of  Great  Britain,  the  articles  made  free  by  the  act  of  Con- 
iiiess  of  March  3,  1883,  had  been  placed  upon  the  free  list,  and  at 
the  same  time  Sir  Charles  read  a  telegram  which  he  had  sent  the 
previous  day  (April  3)  to  Sir  Lionel  West  at  Washington  inform- 
ing him  that  on  receipt  of  a  copy  of  his  (Sir  Lionel's)  dispatch  to 
Lord' Salisbury    the  articles  had  been  placed  on  the  free  list. 
There  appears"to  have  been  some  remarkably  alert  diplomacy  be- 
tween Washington,  London,  and  Ottawa  between  the  introduction 
of  Mr.  Baker's  resolution  in  the  House  of  Representatives  on  the 
2d  and  Sir  Charles  Tupper's  announcement  in  the  Canadian  Par- 
Hanieii    on  the  4th.     But  within  three  weeks  Sir  Charles  Tupper, 
on  bel  If  of  the  Canadian  government,  submitted  to  the  "  Com- 
mons'" a  bill  which  so  construed  the  words  "any  or  all"  in  their 
act  of  1879,  that  the  Canadian  government  would  in  the  future  be 
able  to  select  from  any  additions  which  may  be  made  to  our  free 
list  such  goods  onlv  as  it  may  choose  to  make  free.       Ihis  clearly 
indicates  the  shrewdness  with  which  the  Dominion  government 
mana"es  commercial  intercourse  with  the  United  States. 

Tolhis  scheming  and  vacillating  course  of  procedure  the  United 
States  ou.'ht  to  respond  at  once  by  adopting  the  resolution  offered 
in  the  House  of  Representatives  by  the  Hon.  Charles  S.  Baker,  es- 
pecially the  proposed  duty  of  live  cents  per  dozen  on  eggs  and  one 
cent  per  pound  upon  all  tish.  During  the  last  fiscal  year  there 
were  imported  from  the  Dominion  nearly  eleven  million  dozen 
eggs  and  over  thirteen  million  pounds  of  fresh  tish  free  of  duty. 

Hostile  Attitude  in  the  Matter  of  the  Fisheries. 
The  aggressive,  inhuman,  and  most  unjust  attitude  assumed  by 
Canada  towards  American  fishermen  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
a  special  statement.  The  case  is  a  simple  one.  We  maintained 
the  common  right  of  our  fishermen  to  participate  in  the  deep  sea 
fisheries  by  the  treaty  of  peace  with  England  concluded  in  1783. 
Since  that  time  certain  usages  have  been  estabhshed  and  compacts 
entered  into  by  means  of  reciprocal  legislation,  which  constituted 
the  more  important  features  of  the  international  relationships  now 
existing  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  and  yet  at 
this  day  Canada,  the  real,  and  Great  Britain,  the  ostensible,  treaty- 
making  power,  attempts  to  claim  peculiar  rights  over  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  under  the  pretext  of  "geographical  ad- 
vantage," and  asserts  this  claim  in  the  denial  to  our  fishermen 
of  ordinary  commercial  rights,  and  of  shelter  in  her  ports  when 
seeking  refuge  from  storms.  ,   ,.  ,  .  ,      i      u 

There  is  no  sensible  reason  why  fash  and  fashing  vessels  should 
be  tabooed  those  commercial  privileges  which  the  prevalent  con- 


-T7T:--r-7T;V-rf*Tr:iff-T; 


I    ^liilKJw"- 


16 

(lition  of  maritime  reciprocity  secure  to  all  other  commodities  and 
to  vessels  enjjaged  in  all  other  peaceful  pursuits.  The  exclusive 
right  of  the  Canadians  to  the  use  of  their  marginal  waters  is  now 
fully  conceded,  and  u  matters  little  what  delimination  of  waters, 
bays,  creeks,  and  harbors  be  made,  provided  the  right  of  American 
fishermen  to  pursu«  their  vocation  upon  the  high  seas  is  not  in- 
fringed upon.  'J'he  privilege  of  occupying  unsettled  shores  is  no 
longer  of  any  particular  value,  the  question  of  bait  even  '.s  re- 
solved, and  there  appears  to  be  no  more  need  of  a  fish  treaty  than 
of  a  pork  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  If  the  rights  of  transferring 
cargoes  in  Canadian  ports,  shipping  cargoes  in  bond  by  rail,  and 
other  commercial  rights  are  longer  denied  our  fishing  vessels,  such 
denials  should  be  met  by  an  immediate  refusal  to  allow  Canadian 
fishing  vessels  to  enter  our  ports  or  to  allow  the  products  of  the 
Canadian  fisheries  to  enter  the  United  States  in  vessels  or  by  rail. 

CoNri.UDlNO    RkM.MUsS. 

Canada  has  always  assumed  a  hostile  attitude  toward  the  United 
States  in  time  of  war,  and  in  time  of  peace  her  connuercial  policy 
toward  us  appears  to  have  been  dictated  by  the  French  military 
maxim,  L'tindaec,  encora  Paialace,  touJourH  faudaee.  In  connec- 
tion with  Great  Britain  she  has  in  matters  of  international  inter- 
course with  the  United  States  persisted  in  stepping  outside  of  the 
restraints  of  international  law,  and  reciprocal  arrangements  en- 
tered into  by  treaty  and  by  statutory  compact,  whenever  her  in- 
terests or  her  caprice  seemed  to  render  such  course  desirable. 
Touching  these  matters  the  United  States  has  not  exercised  due 
diligence  in  defence  of  her  own  interests,  and  of  the  rights  of  her 
citizens.  This  has  encouraged  aggression.  It  would  seem  as 
though,  in  the  eyes  of  the  Canadians,  the  most  striking  character- 
istic of  the  United  States  is  a  "cha'  'ty  which  endureth  all  things," 
and  that  they  have  deliberately  resolved  to  ascertain  experiment- 
ally just  how  far  they  can  exploit  upon  our  generosity  and  forbear- 
ance. In  the  very  nature  of  things  such  procedure  must  ultimately 
have  on  abrupt  termination.  If  the  United  States  had  taken  small 
advantage  and  large  advantage  of  geographical  position  and  of  all 
the  other  opportunities  presented  by  intimate  relationships  of 
commerce  and  transportation  as  Canada  has  done,  the  chief  sources 
of  her  prosjjerity  would  have  been  dried  up  long  ago. 

The  question  naturally  arises,  why  has  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
been  so  unfriendly  and  so  unfair  toward  the  United  States?  Be- 
sides the  political  cause  two  others  may  be  mentioned:  First, 
Canada  is  a  small  and  aggi'essive  nation,  enjoying  the  geographical 
advantages  of  contiguity  to  a  great  and  magnanimous  nation,  which 
has  not,  and  never  has  had,  an  affirmative  foreign  policy.  Second, 
the  breaches  of  good  faith  on  the  part  of  the  Dominion  are  un- 
doubtedly attributable  largely  to  the  infirmities  of  her  govern- 


— ....wta^. 


i 


mcntnl  system,  under  which  partisan  riilohiis  placed  constitutional 
authority  in  eclipse  and  opened  wide  the  flood-gates  of  license  to 
the  behests  of  personal  ambition. 

The  presumptuousness  of  a  country  of  four  and  three-quarters 
of  a  milUon  people,  conditioned  by  serious  impediments  of  clinmte 
and  physical  conformation,  in  its  exploitation  upon  the  commercial 
and  political  interests  of  acountry  of  sixty-five  millions,  possessed  of 
resources  and  diversified  advantages  superior  to  those  which  char- 
acterize an''  other  country  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  would  be  a  farce 
if  it  were  not  the  expression  of  injurious  and  compromising  attiicks. 
A  country  less  just,  or  less  magnanimous  than  the  United  States 
would  speedily  terminate  such  aggressions  by  the  arm  of  power. 

Sir  Richard  Cartwright,  a  member  of  the  Canadian  House  of 
Commons,  has  recently  shown  that  during  the  last  'if)  years  one- 
fourth  of  the  native  population  of  Canada,  and  three-fourths  of 
the  immigrants  into  Canada,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  about 
2,000,000,  liave  sought  homes  in  the  United  States.  Jiut  the  logic 
of  these  facts  is  apparently  lost  upon  the  people  of  Canada.  The 
lust  of  poUtical  power  and  the  chimerical  idea  of  perpetuating 
monarchical  institutions  upon  this  continent  appear  to  have  be- 
gotten a  sort  of  mania  which  they  are  unable  to  throw  ofl. 

In  the  interests  of  peace  and  good  neighborhood,  which,  regard 
less  of  provocation,  the  United  States  must  always  cherish,  we 
should  not,  and  need  not,  adopt  any  general  or  reckless  policy 
of  retaliation,  but  simply  respond  to  each  specific  act  of  injustice. 
That   will  in  all  probability  be  adequate  to  the  cure  of  the  evils 
complained  of.     It  would  seem  that  in  so  far  as  possible  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  ought  to  be  reUeved  of  the  respousi- 
bilitv  of  deciding  as  to  the  nature  and  limits  of  the  retaliatory 
measures  to  be  resorted  to  in  each  case.    To  this  end,  statutory  pro- 
vision, specific  and  mandatory  in  its  nature,  ought  to  be  adopted. 
There  never  before  was  a  time  when  in  the  interests  of  peace, 
and  in  the  cause  of  maintaining  the  honor  and  dignity  of  this 
country,  there  was  greater  need  for  watchfulness,  and  for  the  adop- 
tion of  measures  protective  in  their  nature  as  against  Canadian 
aggression  upon  the  commercial  interests  of  the  United  States :  and 
this  policy  ought  to  be  rigidly  maintained  until  the  last  refusal  to 
reciprocate  privileges  granted  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  one 
of  the  States,  has  been  withdrawn  by  the  government  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada. 


JOSEPH  NIMMO,  Jr. 


Huntington,  Long  Island,  N. 
May  8,  1888. 


t 


■f 


\y 


